| Prostitution ProCon |
A public service of ProCon.org, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit |
This page details 51 countries and their policies on prostitution, brothel ownership, and pimping. Countries were chosen in order to be inclusive of major religions, geographical regions, and policies towards prostitution. Additional countries will be added over time. Whenever possible we have included government documents in English regarding prostitution such as laws, court decisions, employment information, etc. under the name of the country. While reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of the data provided, do not rely on this information without first checking an official edition of the applicable law. This page was last updated Mar. 26, 2008. |
|
1. Angola |
13. England |
25. Japan |
37. Rwanda |
49. Uganda |
|
2. Argentina |
14. Estonia |
26. Kenya |
38. Saudi Arabia |
|
|
3. Australia |
15. Ethiopia |
27. Kyrgyzstan |
39. Senegal |
51. United States |
|
4. Austria |
16. France |
28. Latvia |
40. Singapore |
|
|
5. Belgium |
17. Germany |
29. Liberia |
41. South Africa |
Summary of Prostitution in 51 countries: |
|
6. Brazil |
18. Greece |
30. Mexico |
42. South Korea |
Legal in 28 (54.9%) |
|
7. Canada |
19. Guatemala |
31. Netherlands |
43. Spain |
Illegal in 18 (35.3%) |
|
8. China |
20. Iceland |
32. New Zealand |
44. Sweden |
Limited Legality in 5 (9.8%) |
|
9. Costa Rica |
21. India |
33. Norway |
45. Switzerland |
Total: 51 (100%) |
|
10. Cuba |
22. Iran |
34. Peru |
46. Taiwan |
|
|
11. Denmark |
23. Israel |
35. Philippines |
47. Thailand | |
|
12. Egypt |
24. Italy |
36. Romania |
48. Turkey |
|
Country
(and related government documents) |
Legal Status of Prostitution, Brothel Ownership, and Pimping | Related Current Information |
| 1. Angola | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership: Illegal
Pimping: Illegal | "Child prostitution is illegal; however, there were unconfirmed reports of child prostitution in Santa Clara, in Cunene province on the border with Namibia. Children reportedly were crossing into Namibia to engage in prostitution for survival with local truck drivers, without third party involvement...
Laws criminalizing forced or bonded labor, prostitution, pornography, rape, kidnapping, and illegal entry are used to prosecute trafficking cases. The minimum sentence for rape is eight years' imprisonment, and sentences for related offenses carry a maximum of life imprisonment...
Prostitution is illegal, but the prohibition was not consistently enforced. Due to poverty, many women engaged in prostitution. Unlike in the previous year, there were no reports that police sexually abused prostitutes after detaining them. The MWFA [Ministry of Women and Family Affairs] maintained a shelter that was open to former prostitutes."
|
| 2. Argentina | Prostitution: Legal
Article 19 of the Constitution states, "The private actions of people that do not offend in any way the public order and morality, nor damage a third person, are only reserved to God, and are exempt from the authority of the magistrates." Brothel Ownership: Illegal
Pimping: Illegal
It is illegal to solicit, to aid or abet a
prostitute, or live off their earnings. | "...[P]rostitutes throughout Argentina are casting off police persecution and demanding the same rights as other workers. They have formed the Association of Women Prostitutes of Argentina, or Ammar - the word amar means to love in Spanish - ... and have set their sights even higher. In the coming months, the nine-year-old organisation plans its boldest step yet: to demand government recognition as an official union. It would be the first such union in Latin America and one of only a handful in the world.
...1,700 Argentine prostitutes [are] now registered as members of Ammar, whose leaders say government recognition would give the organisation the legal standing to fight for the decriminalisation of prostitution. Technically, prostitution is not illegal in Argentina but most provinces have laws allowing the arrest of prostitutes for causing 'scandal in the public thoroughfare'.
...Pimping is illegal but brothel owners are rarely sent to jail. Instead, they form shady business alliances with the police, who collect regular rake-offs."
|
| 3. Australia
(Queensland Prostitution Licensing Authority (PLA)
Summary of Laws) |
Prostitution: Depends The law varies depending on the state from decriminalized to legally regulated to criminal. Click on the PLA Summary on the left to see a description of each state. Brothel Ownership:
Depends 4 states permit brothels, 1 allows as part of a
containment policy, and 3 prohibit.
Pimping:
Depends |
"Foreign backpackers visiting
Queensland have been earning money as illegal prostitutes and damaging
legitimate operators, the legal brothel industry has claimed. Queensland
Adult Business Association Nick Inskip said the illegal sex industry was
undermining efforts by the legal industry to make a profit and uphold
health and safety standards.... 'They can charge less because they are not
paying GST, staff costs for managers and receptionists, or have a
registered business name,' Mr Inskip said.
...One solution could be allowing
legal brothels to operate outcall services, he said. But the proposal has
previously been rejected by the Crime and Misconduct Commission and the
state government. Queensland currently has 23 legal brothels operating in
city and regional areas. Police figures show the number of prostitution
offences reported in Queensland increased from 362 to 600 in 2005-06." |
| 4. Austria | Prostitution: Legal Legal since Jan. 1, 1975. Laws regulating prostitution require prostitutes to register, undergo periodic health examinations, be 19 years old or older, and pay taxes. Brothel Ownership: Illegal Pimping: Illegal |
"A former Olympic figure skating gold
medalist was sentenced to 18 months in prison Friday after being convicted
of involvement in a gang that smuggled women from Eastern Europe to
Austria for forced prostitution.
Wolfgang Schwarz, who won the gold for men's figure skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics, was arrested in Vienna last March. Police charged him with procuring visas for seven young women who were smuggled into the country to work in brothels.... Judge Anton Baumgartner sentenced him to 18 months in prison, but Schwarz's attorney has three days to consider whether to file a formal objection to the sentence before it will take effect, the Austria Press Agency reported. 'Signals must be sent that slave trade is forbidden, Baumgartner said in his ruling. Investigators said the gang was
involved in recruiting women from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania and
other eastern countries to Austria by promising them lucrative jobs. Upon
their arrival, they were brought to brothels in the Austrian cities of
Vienna, Graz and Salzburg, and their passports were confiscated, police
said." |
| 5. Belgium | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership: Legal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"As the 9 a.m. shift began at Villa
Tinto, which calls itself Europe's most high-tech brothel, prostitute
Andrea Maes put on her leather boots, pressed her finger on a biometric
scanner and started posing for potential clients in her neon-lit display
window. After matching her fingerprint with the one in its database, the
brothel's system clocked her in and flashed her ID number -- A9018 -- to a
control room manned by a fellow prostitute. It also switched on the lights
in her designer-furnished room -- more boutique hotel than bordello....
Villa Tinto, House of Pleasure, is a
pioneering example of a widening European drive to legalize prostitution,
while combating the crime and violence it fosters -- including the
explosion in human trafficking in recent years. The brothel opened in
January, with the help of the Antwerp city council, the police and the
prostitutes themselves as part of a 'tolerance zone,' begun in 2001. The
Belgian government views the three-block area as a test case as it
considers national legalization -- a move to wrest prostitution from the
control of organized criminals and bring in some lost tax revenue." |
| 6. Brazil
(Labor and Employment Ministry Primer on Sex
Professional) |
Prostitution: Legal There are no regulations for adult prostitution. Brothel Ownership: Illegal Pimping: Illegal |
"[R]ather than comply with an
American demand that all foreign recipients of AIDS assistance must
explicitly condemn prostitution, Brazil has decided to forgo up to $40
million in American support....
'Our feeling was that the manner in which the Usaid [sic] funds were consigned would bring harm to our program from the point of view of its scientific credibility, its ethical values and its social commitment,' Pedro Chequer, director of the Brazilian government's AIDS program, said... 'We must remain faithful to the established principles of the scientific method and not allow theological beliefs and dogma to interfere.'... Mark Dybul, deputy coordinator and
chief medical officer for the Bush administration's global AIDS
initiative,... says the prostitution controversy is not only overblown,
but is also an example of the many misconceptions about U.S. policy. 'On
the ground, this isn't an issue,'... 'Part of a compassionate response
involves meeting people where they are and working with them.' He added,
'Each country has a sovereign right to make decisions for themselves, and
we respect that.' But to receive American aid, he said, 'it does require
an acknowledgment that prostitution is not a good thing and to be opposed
to it.'" |
| 7. Canada
(Criminal Code of Canada) |
Prostitution: Legal Must be done in private places. Cannot be done in a brothel. Solicitation in public places is illegal. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal Owning a "Bawdy House" can be punishable by up to 2
years in prison.
Pimping:
Illegal Anyone who "lives wholly or in part on the avails of
prostitution of another person" can be sentenced up to 10 years.
|
"Prime Minister Stephen Harper said
today... 'In terms of legalization of prostitution I can just tell you
that obviously that’s something that this government doesn’t favour.'
Adult prostitution is not illegal in
Canada, though most activities surrounding it are prohibited, 'making it
virtually impossible to engage in prostitution without committing a
crime,' according to the parliamentary committee’s 2006 study of the
issue." |
| 8. China | Prostitution: Illegal Define as a social practice that abrogates the inherent rights of women to personhood. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"In the biggest bust of prostitution
related crimes in recent years, Beijing police last week arrested 38
prostitutes, 63 Internet technicians, five gang leaders, an unlicensed
medical worker, along with 45 of the prostitutes' clients. The gang
attracted clients for the prostitutes by randomly sending countless
messages to Internet users who were logged on to major chat rooms, forums,
or through instant messages. Police say the gang sent more than seven
million messages to Internet users in the past month alone. The only job
of most of the gang members was to send the soliciting messages from
Internet bars.
A reporter with the Beijing Daily
says he received 32 on-line solicitations for the services of a prostitute
in just a half an hour. Many messages purported to be from available
young, female college students. Other messages directed people to blogs
that contained nude pictures of women. In all the messages phone numbers
were left where clients could make contact with a prostitute. Police say
the youngest prostitute they arrested was just 15 years old and one of the
gang members, surnamed Zhao, treated the prostitutes for venereal disease
and provide [sic] them with condoms. The Beijing Daily reports that
organized messaging for prostitution services remains rampant in online
chat rooms." |
| 9. Costa Rica | Prostitution: Legal Must be over 18 years old and carry a health card showing how recently they had a medical check-up. Brothel Ownership: Legal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Costa Rica can be hard. And it can
be easy. It can be perturbing and paradisiacal. It can be restrictive: No
nudity on the beach. And it can be permissive: Prostitution is legal. The
country has a split personality and the ironies make the 'rich coast' even
richer." (Oct. 24, 2004, Linton Weeks, "On
the Edge in Costa Rica," Washington
Post) |
| 10. Cuba | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"'One day when I was down in Brazil,
an Argentinian asked me 'Is it true that some girls who are university
graduates sometimes practice prostitution?' [Fidel] Castro said in a rare
public reference to a highly sensitive subject for Cuba's government. 'I
replied instantly, without thinking, 'That proves prostitutes in Cuba have
a university level,'' he added, laughing at the anecdote given during a
lengthy speech to close a Cuban workers' congress in Havana.
The comment underlined both Castro's
pride in his government's widely praised education system, and his concern
for the re-emergence of a prostitution problem he thought his socialist
system had eradicated decades ago. Once known as 'the brothel of the
Caribbean' due to its reputation as a haven for rich Americans looking for
sex, gambling and a swinging nightlife, Cuba drastically cleaned up
society after Castro's 1959 revolution. But the problem came back at the
start of the 1990s against a backdrop of increased economic hardship for
locals, and an opening to tourism which brought foreigners flooding back."
|
| 11. Denmark
(Danish Penal Code) |
Prostitution: Legal The act of prostitution was legalized March 17, 1999. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Torben Hansen, who has cerebral
palsy, which severely affects his speech and mobility, believes his local
authority should pay the extra charge he incurs when he hires a sex worker
- because his disability means he cannot go to see them. His case is
currently being considered.
...In Denmark, local authorities compensate disabled people for extra costs incurred because of their disability....In Denmark, prostitution and other forms of sex work are not illegal so long as it is not a woman's sole means of income.... 'It's unfair to deny people with disabilities the right to a sex life,' he [Hansen] added. Kristen Brosboel, a Social Democrat
member of the Danish Parliament, is among those who have argued against Mr
Hansen. 'We also spend tax money on trying to prevent prostitution,
helping women out of prostitution - and we have a clear policy that this
is a social problem that we want to solve.... So I think that's very much
in contradiction with spending tax money on requiring prostitutes." |
| 12. Egypt | Prostitution: Illegal It has been illegal since 1949. The man is considered a witness and is exempt of punishment for testifying against the prostitute. The penalty for prostitutes is 3-36 months in prison and/or a fine. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
Egyptian law bans both prostitution
and the marriage of girls under 16. 'Minors in prostitution are sent to a
sort of corrective centre, where conditions are often as bad if not worse
than they are in adult prisons,' said Nihad Abul Qumsan, director of the
Egyptian Centre for Women’s Rights. 'The man involved is not usually
prosecuted, but rather acts as a witness in a trial.'" (Nov. 16, 2006 "Minors Sold For
Prostitution Under Guise of Marriage," Integrated Regional Information
Networks (IRIN)) |
| 13. England
(Sexual Offences Act 2003) |
Prostitution: Legal Must be over 18. No solicitation in public places. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal Pimping law defined as "controlling prostitution for
gain." |
"[T]here currently are an estimated
80,000 sex workers in the UK. The question is how does society accommodate
it?
The government is still considering a proposal to allow groups of up to three women to run small brothels, but is it time to just legalise prostitution completely? Or are safe tolerance zones on the streets the answer? There is opposition to all the above
proposed solutions. How many would honestly want prostitutes and their
clients operating near where they live - whether in brothels or in safe
zones? So what is the answer?" |
| 14. Estonia | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"...[T]he Minister of Justice Rein
Lang of the liberal Estonian Reform Party and the Minister of Social
Affairs Jaak Aab of the Estonian Centre Party, have expressed their
support for the ban on buying sex....
The general opinion in Estonia does
not support the key ministers' views. According to Helve Kase, Head of the
Department of Women's Studies for the Estonian Institute for Open Society
Research, the prostitutes are generally not viewed as victims....
According to the most recent survey from 2003, almost a third of Estonians
supported punishing the prostitutes' clients. Nearly half of the women
were in favour of penalizing the prostitutes. More than half of the
respondents gave their support to the existing system, which forbids
pimping." |
| 15. Ethiopia | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Everyday about 10,000 people pass
through the cross-country bus station in the Ethiopian capital to visit
relatives, do business or simply search for a better life. According to a
recent survey carried out in Addis Ababa, child prostitution is on the
rise. The report found that partly because of poverty an increasing number
of girls come to the city to become sex workers." (May 27, 2003, Damian Zane,
"Ethiopian Girls Driven To Prostitution," BBC
News) |
| 16. France | Prostitution: Legal Must pay taxes. Laws against soliciting in public places. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal Regulation and legal "houses of tolerance" ended in
1946.
Pimping:
Illegal Any form of assistance given toward prostitution or
living off the earnings of prostitution can be considered criminal.
|
"French prostitutes have staged a
protest outside parliament in Paris against a new crime bill which they
say threatens their livelihood. About 500 women and men, some wearing
masks and waving banners, took part in the demonstration, which activists
said was part of the profession's biggest protest movement in the city
since 1975.... The French Government plans to place a wide-ranging bill
before parliament which would include a law making 'passive soliciting' -
touting for sex by any means, including by use of dress or posture - a
criminal offence.
Prostitutes say the law would prevent them from earning income and expose them to dangers from unscrupulous customers or pimps.... [French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy says] the law was necessary to 'guarantee the security of the French people.'... Prostitution is legal in France and
at the moment the country's estimated 18,000 prostitutes can only be fined
if their activities disturb the peace. But under the proposed law,
prostitutes could face six months in prison or a fine of up to $7,500 if
convicted under the law." |
| 17. Germany
(Measures and Acts on equal
opportunities since 1949) |
Prostitution: Legal Legalized in
1927. [Editor's Note: The date of the legalization of prostitution in Germany is disputed. Some consider prostitution to have been legalized or decriminalized since the passage of the 1927 Law for Combating Venereal Diseases. However, others consider prostitution was legalized through the Prostitution Act of January 2002 that improved the social welfare and legal rights of prostitutes. Although prostitution is legal under the German Constitution, prior to the 2002 Prostitution Act, a series of regulatory laws and court rulings had restricted the legal and social welfare rights of prostitutes because prostitution was considered in violation of Germany's moral code.] Brothel Ownership: Legal
Pimping:
Legal Exploitative behavior considered criminal. |
"An estimated 400,000 prostitutes
work in Germany, and 1.2 million customers are said to use their services
daily. Revenues are estimated at 6 billion euros every year - equivalent
to those of companies like Porsche and Adidas.
It was mainly to offer prostitutes protection from violence and exploitation that two years ago - against the opposition of conservative politicians - the German government legalized prostitution. Now, legal contracts between prostitutes and clients can be established. The government withholds a portion of their earnings to pay social benefits like pensions and health insurance and to guarantee a regular 40-hour-workweek. Sex workers can now even unionize. When it comes to taxation and regulation of the industry, legalization has been beneficial in some places, advocates say. ...But when it comes to the goal of
improving conditions for prostitutes and containing the sex trade, most
experts agree that legalizing prostitution has not succeeded. 'When it was
set up there was much talk of securing proper contracts, proper health
insurance, but a lot of this hasn't materialized because of big holes in
the legislation,' says Marion Detlefs of the Hydra prostitute advice
center in Berlin. Across the country, no more than a dozen contracts have
been signed. Prostitutes, who often have to share their income with
brothel owners and other parties, are reluctant to pay taxes....
[A]dvocates for prostitutes complain that - despite the national law -
prostitution is still treated differently in each region, giving each city
the right to ban prostitution in certain areas." |
| 18. Greece | Prostitution: Legal Prostitutes must be at least 21, register, and have health checks every 2 weeks. Brothel Ownership: Legal |
"Greece, whose ancient civilisation
introduced the world to high class prostitutes in the sixth century BC,
has at last decided to salute their contribution to society.
Athens has announced that its
economy is 25% bigger than thought thanks, in part, to the round-the-clock
duties of the country's prostitutes, who were known as hetairai in ancient
times. The Greek authorities are revising the country's gross domestic
product (GDP) after deciding that the black market should be included in
the figures." |
| 19. Guatemala | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership: Legal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"In Guatemala City, a new soccer team
is winning fans -- and it's not because they are winning games. Members of
the Stars of the Tracks team are prostitutes, who hope to use their
growing popularity to call attention to their collective fight for a
better life." (Jan. 12, 2005, "Guatemala City's
Prostitute Soccer Team," NPR) |
| 20. Iceland | Prostitution: Legal Legalized in 2007. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Prostitution became legal in Iceland
after a new provision in the Penal Code was accepted by parliament on
March 17. It is both legal to solicit sex and to buy sexual services, but
it is illegal for a third party to profit from prostitution.
According to the 206th article of the Icelandic Penal Code (almenn hegningarlög), soliciting sex in Iceland was illegal until the new law was accepted, as RÚV reports. The 206th article stated: 'Anyone engaging in prostitution for own upkeep shall be subject to imprisonment for up to 2 years.' That paragraph has now been deleted. The government argues most people who solicit sex do so because they have no other choice or because they are forced into prostitution by others.... With the new provision punishment
has become stricter for those who profit from the prostitution of others,
force or encourage others to solicit sex." |
| 21. India | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"In the heart of Mumbai, India lies
Kamathipura, one of the country's poorest districts and also its largest
red light district, home to more than 60,000 sex workers...
On the streets of Kamathipura, it's
no challenge for Aronson [Frontline Producer] to find sex workers to talk
with. In a small gathering she asks them frankly about the core issues of
their trade -- economics and health. The women get the equivalent of
US$1.50 for sex, $2 on a good night, less than a dollar on a bad night. To
have sex without a condom, men will often pay more or, after a few visits,
tell the women they love them. The women in the group laugh a bit about
the men's proclamations of love, but there's a tragic fact behind their
laughter: more than half of the sex workers here are HIV positive." |
| 22. Iran | Prostitution: Illegal Prostitutes may face prison, lashing, or execution by stoning. Customers also face criminal penalties. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal Establishing or managing a place of immorality or
prostitution is a criminal act, subject to imprisonment from 1-10 years.
Pimping:
Illegal Living off the income of prostitution is
illegal. |
"A controversial plan to set up what
are being denounced as licensed brothels in Iran has been rejected by
official bodies... The idea was that people would sign up at a
registration centre, then be referred to a health clinic for medical
checks and a free contraceptive service... 'It's a euphemism for the
official establishment of houses of corruption, the normalisation of
illegitimate relations, and the destruction of the family,' said the
Women's Social and Cultural Council.
The plan was defended by Ashraf Borujerdi, Deputy for Social Affairs at the Interior Ministry, who helped draw it up. 'Some people believe that talking about such issues is taboo, but they are part of the reality of society, and turning a blind eye will not solve the problem,' she said... Welfare officials say there are at least 300,000 prostitutes working in the country. Under Iran's Islamic system, it is
possible to take out a temporary marriage licence - known as Sigheh - even
for a few hours. The device is used to cover casual transactions which in
many societies would be regarded simply as prostitution." |
| 23. Israel | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal Procurement and living on the earnings of a woman in
prostitution is prohibited. | "The Supreme Court on Monday
rescinded a district court decision that awarded NIS [Israel Shekel]
150,000 in compensation to a disabled man to pay for sexual services. The
plaintiff, 31, was seriously injured in a car crash in 1988 as a result of
which he was diagnosed as suffering from a mental disorder and erectile
dysfunction. His lawyer argued that ever since, his condition has
necessitated visits to prostitutes....
Justice Eliezer Rivlin wrote in his
decision that the claimant would not be given funds that would be used to
violate the law by encouraging prostitution. 'The proper way of society to
deal with prostitution has been subject for contention over many years,'
Rivlin wrote. 'There are those who see prostitutes as slave laborers and
others who claim there are those among them who make a calculated choice
to make a living thusly. The difficult questions over prostitution shall
not be resolved, here but we cannot ignore the fact that criminal law
frowns upon it.'" |
| 24. Italy | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal Procurement and living on the earnings of a woman in
prostitution is prohibited. | "Italian prostitutes marched through
one of the country's oldest university towns in protest over new measures
to clamp down on soliciting. Bystanders stood opened-mouthed as hundreds
of women danced and sang their way in colourful procession through the
streets of Padua in protest against a crackdown by the Mayor, which would
grant police the power to issue £30 on-the-spot fines to their clients.
The council says targeting clients
is its only option, given that prostitution is legal in Italy - despite
the ordinarily hard moral line from the Vatican. But the prostitutes have
devised a way to counteract the penalties - by issuing pink coupons to
their clients promising to refund the fine 'in kind'. The council claims
that prostitution has fallen 70 per cent since the new rules came in last
week, but the prostitutes said they have merely moved to quieter areas."
|
| 25. Japan | Prostitution: Illegal Prostitution is defined as only coitus. Non-coital sex acts are not illegal. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Although the 45-year-old
Prostitution Prevention Law prohibits hooking, straight sex has been
widely practiced at soaplands, which number around 1,270 nationwide…. The
law says that it is prohibited to sell or buy sex, but it does not
penalize those acts. Instead, it penalizes prostitutes for soliciting or
waiting for customers in public places, such as on the street and in
parks. It also penalizes anyone who forces somebody to engage in
prostitution, exploits a prostitute or gives financial support to a
business engaged in prostitution.
...According to the National Police Agency, there were 908 fashion health massage parlors and 5,425 'outcall-style' fashion health parlors that were publicly registered in 2000 under the Law Regulating Adult Entertainment Businesses, etc. What protects the operation of the fashion health parlors is simple -- they only offer oral sex, anal sex and other sexual services that are not interpreted as sex in the prostitution law…. [In] 2000 1,225 people [were]
arrested on suspicion of violating the prostitution law. But that it is
believed to be just the tip of the iceberg. Research conducted by Bank of
Yokohama on the state of the underground economy in Japan in fiscal 1998
estimated that unreported earnings from commercial and 'amateur'
prostitution come to around 945 billion yen…." |
| 26. Kenya | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Whether one likes it or not,
prostitution is a "profession" that will not die away; it is here to stay.
And with it comes the challenges which hardly allow easy solutions. The
trade in Kenya, which is classified under the Penal Code, Sections 147 to
154, is illegal in Kenya and calls for stiff penalty. But even though the
law is clear on commercial sex work, regardless of gender and affiliation,
the general belief is that it is mostly the women who engage in it and who
are arrested by police when caught." (May 19, 2007, Mildred Ngesa,
"Kenya: What the Law Says About the Oldest 'Profession'," The Nairobi
Nation) |
| 27. Kyrgyzstan | Prostitution: Legal Prostitution is not a crime but the exact legal status is unclear. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"The sex trade is booming in Bishkek,
and authorities are struggling to respond. Prostitution is not a crime in
Kyrgyzstan, and with no legal measures in place to regulate the industry,
overburdened Bishkek police are proposing to either legalize prostitution
or, alternatively, outlaw it once and for all.
Bishkek police claim that some 3,500 prostitutes work in Kyrgyzstan’s capital, while unofficial estimates put that number at 1.5 to 2 times higher. Officials claim that sex workers from neighboring countries account for the vast majority of the number, with Kyrgyzstani prostitutes making up a mere 2 to 3 percent of the total. In addition, the capital offers some 169 saunas, 177 hotels and more than 1,000 private apartments with sexual services, police say. Prostitution is not a crime in
Kyrgyzstan, and prostitutes say that popular attitudes toward their work
are more understanding than in neighboring Uzbekistan. But that welcome
has its limits. Violent crimes involving prostitutes such as murders or
assaults are on the increase. With less than adequate control over
migration streams into Kyrgyzstan, police fear that cycle of violence
could only worsen." |
| 28. Latvia
(Latvia Regulations) |
Prostitution: Legal Requires monthly health check. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"A Swedish documentary on Latvian sex
workers snowballed into a major controversy in Riga this week, drawing
harsh remarks from top government officials and ministries, which are
considering lawsuits against the director.
Latvian President Vaira
Vi-k,e-Freiberga called 'Buy Bye Beauty' by Pål Hollander 'political
propaganda' that didn't meet standards of objectivity. Hollander's movie,
recently shown at the Gothenburg Film Festival, depicted a gloomy picture
of the sex industry in Latvia. Hollander interviewed a number of people
involved with the Latvian pornography industry while making the film, many
of them prostitutes. Based on his interviews, the filmmaker claimed there
are about 18,000 prostitutes in Latvia. According to official statistics,
there are 2500 to 3000 prostitutes in the country. Hollander also claimed
that about 50 percent of Latvian women have had sex for money." |
| 29. Liberia | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"The first woman to be appointed
Director of the Liberia National Police (LNP), Col. Beatrice Munah Sieh,
says her administration will eradicate the high level of prostitution and
corruption in Liberia." (Apr. 13, 2006, M. Welemongia
Ciapha, II, "Police Boss Vows To Fight Prostitution," Liberian
Observer) |
| 30. Mexico | Prostitution: Legal Prostitution is decriminalized and regulated at the state level. Where regulated they must be at least 18, registered, pay for and receive health checks, and carry their health card. It cannot be in public though many cities have a red light district or "zona roja." Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal | "The testing is one of the measures
that this city [Tijuana] has taken to regulate prostitution, which has
flourished here for decades. The city council passed a law in June that
requires the town's active prostitutes - 5,000 are currently being tested
each month - to have monthly medical exams for sexually transmitted
diseases and forces brothel owners to adopt more sanitary practices. Those
who do not face stiff fines and the loss of their business licenses.
One measure of the magnitude of the
problem health officials face is that more than 8,000 women and men who
have registered as prostitutes since the system began have stopped coming
to the city clinic, Dr. Mayor Noriega said. It is unclear how many left
the business and how many simply decided not to pay for the tests any
more." |
| 31. Netherlands
(Dutch Policy on Prostitution) |
Prostitution: Legal Officially legal since Oct. 2000. Prostitutes must be over 18 and clients must be over 16. Prostitutes must register and pay taxes. Brothel Ownership: Legal
Subject to
licensing and zoning requirements.
Pimping:
Legal Living off income from a prostitute is legal if it
doesn't involve coercion. |
"One third of the famous 'window'
brothels and sex clubs of Amsterdam are facing closure after the city
council recently refused to renew 33 licences in a crackdown against
organised crime....
The Christian Democrat CDA and the ChristenUnie (CU) parties — both of which are expected to form part of the new governing coalition — want even tougher measures, including the prosecution of men who frequent prostitutes who are working against their will.... But others, such as Petra Timmermans
from the International Committee on the rights of Sex Workers in Europe,
said the Dutch were experiencing outside pressure from countries that did
not understand their traditions. 'The Netherlands has decided to do things
differently so it is under tremendous pressure from neighbouring countries
to re-evaluate its position,' she said. 'People look at the Netherlands
and say it is a failed experiment because not every sex worker is a
millionairess.'" |
| 32. New Zealand
(Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - Prostitution Law
Reform) |
Prostitution: Legal Since 2003 prostitution has been decriminalized. It is legal for citizens over 18 years old. Brothel Ownership: Legal
Owners must
be over 18 years old, a citizen of New Zealand or Australia, and have an
Operator’s Certificate. Only applicants with serious criminal convictions
will be denied.
Pimping:
Legal No laws against living off the avails of
prostitution. |
"Parliament tonight passed
prostitution law changes when MPs voted 60-59 in favour of a bill which
raised passionate debate and drew the strongest opposition from moral
conservatives since homosexual law reform 17 years ago.
Labour MP Tim Barnett's Prostitution Reform Bill will become law after nearly three years of scrutiny, 415 hours of debate by Parliament and its committees and 222 public submissions. It decriminalises prostitution and
establishes a legal framework around the sex industry, with licensed
brothels operating under public health and employment laws." |
| 33. Norway | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"The current supply of prostitutes in
Oslo far exceeds demand, so they're leaving town in search of work.
Norwegian women are now advertising their services over the Internet, and
traveling around the country to meet customers. The prostitutes reportely
gather orders from prospective customers and then make a travel plan that
allows them to satisfy the most customers possible on the trip.
'Young women from Eastern Europe
have put too much pressure on the market in Oslo,' said Liv Jessen of the
Pro-Center, a national agency that follows the prostitution business.
'They are well-organized and are pushing the Norwegian women off the
street.'" |
| 34. Peru | Prostitution: Legal
Brothel Ownership: Legal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Peruvian sex workers urged the
government on Friday to regulate their profession, saying it would protect
them from violence and help stop the spread of sexually transmitted
diseases. Although prostitution is legal in Peru and in much of Latin
America, sex workers said prostitutes should be allowed to work under
license in 'tolerance zones.' To get and keep a license they would have to
register with the government, submit to regular health checks and pay
taxes.
'People have to understand that it's not simply about a whore standing on a street corner, it's a woman, a lady who's working,' said Angela Villon, president of the Civil Association of Sex Workers, at a news conference.... According to the health ministry,
there are around 60,000 sex workers in Peru, 14,000 of them in the capital
Lima, although Villon said she believed the true figures were higher." |
| 35. Philippines | Prostitution: Illegal "Bar girls" must register and have health checks. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"'Hey, Joe,' they shout at passing
men, much the way another generation of prostitutes once shouted to 'GI
Joes' at the former Clark Air Force Base across the street from the
red-light district. Neon lights, strip joints, 'girlie' bars and
1950s-style hotels jam together as pop music blares from the clubs. For
more than 100 years, this area has been a capital of prostitution and
hedonism, dating back to a time when the women were called 'camp
followers.'...
Nursing and teaching, more
traditional women's work in the Philippines, pay a fraction of the sums
these women can make. That is, if their pimps allow them to keep their
money. A University of the Philippines study in the late 1990s estimated
there were about a half-million prostitutes in the country." |
| 36. Romania | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Romanian authorities are planning to
legalize prostitution as a way to help fight human trafficking and sex
slavery, police said on September, 1st. Selling sexual favors is now a
crime punishable by fines or up to three years in prison in Romania.
However, because the crime is considered petty, most prostitutes only face
fines, with some prostitutes collecting over 500 fines in the last two
years, Bucharest police said. The fines are rarely paid, and tax
collection authorities cannot enforce them as most prostitutes have no
legal income.... Pimps face up to seven years in prison, or up to 20 years
if they traffic minors, but despite efforts by law enforcement sex
trafficking remains widespread." (Sept. 6, 2006, "Romanian
Authorities Consider Plan to Legalize Prostitution," Associated
Press) |
| 37. Rwanda | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"President Paul Kagame yesterday
warned that the government would not tolerate prostitution in Rwanda.
Addressing thousands that thronged Amahoro National Stadium to commemorate
the 30th International Women's Day, the President castigated prostitution
as an illicit act that should never be defined as part of the country's
development agenda. 'I received reports from the Mayor of Kigali recently
that some women and girls were arguing that it (prostitution) is a sign of
development,' Kagame said. 'It is not part of Rwanda's path to development
and, therefore, must stop.'...
'It (prostitution) cannot be
classified anywhere in the country's development indicators. It is a
menace that ought to be stopped immediately because we have our own morals
and cultural values that have to be preserved and protected,' Kagame
stressed...." |
| 38. Saudi Arabia | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Saudi police have arrested more than
80 people involved in 20 cases of prostitution and pimping this year,
including some seized in the past 24 hours, Al Riyadh newspaper reported
Friday. Some of those rounded up were foreign domestic workers who had
fled their employers, the paper said.
Among the pimps arrested Thursday were an Egyptian and a Syrian, along with several Indonesian prostitutes caught in the act, the paper said. One girl, arrested earlier, told a newspaper that she had been 'led astray, into error, by the devil to devote herself to vice, for 1,500 [Saudi] riyals [about $400] a night.' Prostitution is strictly banned in
Saudi Arabia, which applies Sharia (Islamic law), and is punishable by
prison and flogging." |
| 39. Senegal | Prostitution: Legal Prostitution has been legal since 1969. Must be at least 21 years of age, register with the police, carry a valid sanitary card, and test negative for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Free condoms are provided beginning at the first visit to the clinic and are renewed monthly. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal Soliciting or living off the earnings of prostitution
is prohibited. |
"Prostitution was legalized in this
predominantly Muslim country in 1969, and today the government tolerates
it as long as each prostitute registers with the state, is over 21 years
old, and comes regularly to a center run by the Ministry of Health for
checkups, education, and medical treatment. And that's a big reason why
this West African nation of 10.5 million, according to the World Health
Organization, has an HIV infection rate of about two percent while many of
its nearest neighbors face rates several times higher; some Southern
African countries, such as Botswana, report that a mind-boggling 39
percent or more of the adult population is infected." (Jan. 5, 2003, Nicholas Thompson,
"The Network Effect," Boston
Globe) |
| 40. Singapore | Prostitution: Legal Legal red-light districts, mandatory health checks, and must be 16 years or older. Brothel Ownership: Legal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Singapore may raise the minimum age
for prostitutes from 16 to 18 to bring its laws in line with international
standards, a newspaper report said Tuesday, Oct 4. A government study into
the penal code's provisions on sexual offences is expected to be completed
by the end of the year, the Straits Times newspaper reported. Local
authorities, while declining to provide specific reasons behind the study,
said it was part of a 'holistic review' of Singapore's laws on sexual
offences and may include criminalizing sex with minors overseas.
'We constantly review our laws to keep abreast of changing times and norms,' the Straits Times quoted a Ministry of Home Affairs spokesman as saying. Under current laws, having sex with girls under 16 is considered statutory rape, punishable by up to five years in jail and a fine of S$10,000 (US$5900).... Prostitution is legal in Singapore
but pimping and public solicitation are not. Licensed brothels operate in
designated areas..." |
| 41. South Africa
(South Africa v. Jordan and others - Summary of
Judgment) |
Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"South Africa's Constitutional Court
Wednesday upheld the country's Sexual Offences Act, which classifies
prostitution as an illegal profession. Six of the country's top 11 judges
favoured retaining and enforcing the Act, which also prohibited the
keeping of brothels. The news has been met with dismay by Cape Town's
tourism chiefs who wanted the city's sex industry regulated and turned
into a major attraction to the city." (Oct. 9, 2002 "Court Rules that
Prostitution Remains Illegal in South Africa," Panafrican News
Agency) |
| 42. South Korea | Prostitution: Illegal Illegal since 1948. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal Pimping:
Illegal |
"As a one-month police crackdown on
South Korea's multibillion-dollar sex industry draws to a close this week,
most brothel districts in Seoul are deserted, but questions persist about
what will happen once enforcement of a tough new anti-prostitution law
eases up. Although the law was passed in March, enforcement by the police
began in earnest only on Sept. 22, yielding a sharp decline in business in
Seoul's red-light districts and vociferous street protests over the last
three weeks by workers in the sex trade, among them masked prostitutes and
blind masseuses, who are angry over the law's threat to their livelihood.
The severity of the law, which calls
for prison terms of up to 10 years for procurers and threatens clients of
prostitutes with jail as well, has clearly dented the sex trade in a
country where the sector rakes in $21 billion a year, or 4 percent of the
gross domestic product, according to the Korean Institute of Criminology.
A report by the institute last year also found that 4.1 percent of women
in their 20s - or 330,000 women - are in the trade, and that 20 percent of
adult males purchase sex four times a month." |
| 43. Spain | Prostitution: Not criminal Prostitution is not a crime but the exact legal status is unclear. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal in some regions
Pimping:
Not criminal |
"Is prostitution a form of violence
and exploitation of women, which should be banned, or a job like any
other, which should be regulated? The question has divided Europe, with
Sweden trying to eradicate prostitution by penalizing the clients, while
others such as the Netherlands have legalized the trade. For Spanish
legislators, however, prostitution proved too tough a nut to crack.
After nearly three years of debate, a parliamentary commission advising the government threw in the towel, rejecting both of the proposed approaches and simply leaving prostitution where it was: a shady zone where it is neither legal nor illegal.... Its incapacity to adopt a clear policy angered both the main camps: women's rights activists regarding prostitution as a form of slavery, incompatible with democratic values, and prostitutes' associations saying sex workers needed legal rights to protect themselves. Spain has been dubbed the 'brothel
of Europe,' with up to 500,000 women working as prostitutes. Every day,
1.5 million men buy sex in Spain, said Maribel Montano of the governing
Socialist Party (PSOE). The trade, which is plied in places ranging from
parks and flats to roadside brothels, turns over an estimated 40 billion
euros (54 billion dollars) annually, almost the equivalent of Spain's
education budget." |
| 44. Sweden
(Swedish Penal Code) |
Prostitution: Illegal Since 1999 selling sex is not a crime but the buying of sex is. Buyers face fines and up to 6 months in prison. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal Punishment includes up to 4 years in prison.
Pimping:
Illegal |
"In Sweden, prostitution is
officially acknowledged as a form of male sexual violence against women
and children. One of the cornerstones of Swedish policies against
prostitution and trafficking in human beings is the focus on the root
cause, the recognition that without men’s demand for and use of women and
girls for sexual exploitation, the global prostitution industry would not
be able flourish and expand." (Oct. 2004 "The Swedish Law that
Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services" by Gunilla Ekberg in Violence Against
Women) |
| 45. Switzerland | Prostitution: Legal Prostitutes must register with city authorities and health authorities and get regular health checks. Brothel Ownership: Legal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Switzerland entered a treaty with
the European Union to import workers, seeking more bankers, managers, and
academics. What it got was an influx of prostitutes....
Prostitution is legal in Switzerland, and its residents have the world's highest purchasing power, according to a study published in December by UBS AG. Prostitutes from the European Union don't need a work permit for the first three months of residence and can offer their services as self-employed workers, provided they register with police and comply with tax laws. The lack of restrictions, combined
with the country's wealth, has pushed the number of prostitutes per capita
in Zurich to the highest among industrialized countries, a city employee
heading a project for improvement of the Langstrasse area, Zurich's
red-light district, Rolf Vieli, said. Based on police figures, Zurich has
about 11 prostitutes per 1,000 people, similar to the rate in Amsterdam,
known for its sex trade." |
| 46. Taiwan | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"A group of prostitutes and advocates
for the rights of sex workers yesterday denounced Taipei Mayor Ma
Ying-jeou for depriving prostitutes of their right to work and urged the
Taipei City Govern-ment to legitimize prostitution.
After Taipei criminalized prostitution in 1997, the brothels in Wanhua District closed. But the ban, sex workers and advocates said, has driven prostitution underground, and the city government's clampdown on illegal prostitutes has left many in a severe plight and driven some to suicide.... Wang [Fang-ping general director of
the Collective of Sex Workers and Supporters] said that he city government
has clamped down on 9,796 illegal prostitutes over the past seven years in
accordance with the Law of Maintaining Public Order, and collected NT$44
million (US$ 1.3 million) in fines. Of the 128 prostitutes in the city,
more than 66 percent went underground after the law was promulgated, while
6.4 percent committed suicide..." |
| 47. Thailand | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Prostitution was made illegal in
1928, and the laws against it strengthened in 1960. But it is an
omnipresent part of the Thai society, tacitly accepted and tolerated.
Prostitution goes on in brothels in the countryside, behind the garish
signs over Bangkok's girlie bars and massage parlors. The industry is
estimated to account for an estimated 3 percent of Thailand's economy, or
about US$4.3 billion a year." (Nov. 28, 2003 "Thailand Holds
Debate On Legalizing Prostitution," Taipei
Times) |
| 48. Turkey | Prostitution: Legal Requires registering and attending clinics for regular examinations. Must carry identity card indicating the dates of his or her health checks. Health checks can be as often as twice a week. Sexworkers cannot be married and their children are barred from occupying high rank in the army or police, or marrying persons of such rank, although they can work in other areas of government service. Brothel Ownership: Legal |
"An unlikely hero has emerged in
Turkey to rescue victims of forced prostitution: the brothel customer.
While the country's security forces are hardly renowned for their
attention to human rights or sympathetic treatment of women, they have
been chalking up impressive successes in finding and freeing trafficked
women from brothels....
A charge-free hotline was set up in May by the UN's International Organisation for Migration (IOM) for women to call for help. It is staffed by multi-lingual operators who try to pinpoint where the women are - and then send in the police. But the second, more unexpected, factor is the chivalry of the Turkish brothel client. Since the hotline started, 74 per cent of tip-offs have come from men: customers who have learned to spot the difference between a professional prostitute, and someone who's been forced into it. 'I've been very surprised,' said
Marielle Lindstrom, head of the IOM in Turkey. 'We haven't noticed this
anywhere in Europe. Turkish men seem to have an old-fashioned view of
women. They don't mind using prostitutes, but they want the woman to be
doing this willingly. If she's found not to be doing it willingly ... it
affects their pride.'" |
| 49. Uganda | Prostitution: Illegal
Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"The Penal Code Act Cap 120, for
instance, holds any person involved in prostitution criminally liable for
the offence even though that person is forced to do so against his or her
will.
The Immigration Act also prohibits
entry of a prostitute, or a person prior to entering Uganda was living on
the earnings of prostitution and punishes any person who becomes employed
in Uganda without entry permit. In this case many young girls and women
who are trafficked into prostitution or forced to enter Uganda illegally
are guilty of such offences. They are further punished by the law. They
are at a risk of being imprisoned, fined, deported and re-trafficked if
found guilty in the existing laws. There are also no legal provisions that
entitle Victims of trafficking in humans to rehabilitation despite the
grave physical assaults, sexual abuses, and psychological trauma they
experience in the due process." |
| 50. United Arab Emirates | Prostitution: Illegal The sharia courts sentence lashings followed by imprisonment. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal
Pimping:
Illegal |
"Dubai's Cyclone night club is a
typical example of the U.A.E.'s flourishing international sex trade. The
massive club, owned by an Indian based in London, is known by visitors as
the 'United Nations of prostitution.' On an average night, visitors say,
there are possibly as many as 500 prostitutes from as many as two dozen
countries -- including Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Russia, Taiwan,
Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
But Cyclone is hardly the only place
in Dubai providing work for prostitutes. You can find them at almost every
five-star hotel in the emirate, or even on the streets." |
| 51. United States
(U.S. federal, state, and Nevada county laws concerning prostitution) |
Prostitution: Illegal Illegal except for 11 rural counties in Nevada where registration and health checks are required. Brothel Ownership:
Illegal Illegal except for 11 rural counties in Nevada. It
also is not illegal in Rhode Island if the owner doesn't receive money
from prostitution.
Pimping:
Illegal |
"State attempts to regulate
prostitution by introducing medical check-ups or licenses don't address
the core problem: the routine abuse and violence that form the
prostitution experience and brutally victimize those caught in its
netherworld." (Nov. 24, 2004 U.S. State
Department) |
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